Amendments to the Constitution

106 amendments · 1st to 106th

2020s 3 2010s 9 2000s 16 1990s 17 1980s 17 1970s 22 1960s 15 1950s 7

2020s

106th Amendment (2023)

Reserved one-third of seats in Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies for women for 15 years; inserted Articles 330A, 332A, 334A; amended Article 239AA

Introduced: Article 330A — Reservation of seats for women in the House of the People Article 332A — Reservation of seats for women in the Legislative Assemblies of the States Article 334A — Reservation of seats for women take effect

Amended: Article 239 A A — Special provisions with respect to Delhi

105th Amendment (2021)

Restored power of state governments to identify Other Backward Classes; annulled Supreme Court judgment of May 2021; amended Articles 338B, 342A, 366

Amended: Article 338B — National Commission for Backward Classes Article 341 — Scheduled Castes Article 342 — Scheduled Tribes Article 342A — Socially and educationally backward classes Article 366 — Definitions

104th Amendment (2020)

Extended SC/ST reservation in Lok Sabha and state assemblies till 2030; removed reserved seats for Anglo-Indian community; amended Article 334

2010s

103rd Amendment (2019)

Provided up to 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections in educational institutions and public employment; amended Articles 15, 16

102nd Amendment (2018)

Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes; added Articles 338B, 342A; amended Articles 338, 366

Introduced: Article 338B — National Commission for Backward Classes Article 342A — Socially and educationally backward classes

Amended: Article 366 — Definitions

101st Amendment (2017)

Introduced Goods and Services Tax; added Articles 246A, 269A, 279A; amended Articles 248, 249, 250, 268, 269, 270, 271, 286, 366, 368 and Schedules 6, 7

Introduced: Article 246A — Special provision with respect to goods and services tax Article 269A — Levy and collection of goods and services tax in course of inter-State trade or commerce

Amended: Article 246 — Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States Article 268 — Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States Article 269 — Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States Article 270 — Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States Article 279 — Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc Article 286 — Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods

100th Amendment (2015)

Exchange of certain enclave territories with Bangladesh; conferred citizenship rights to enclave residents consequent to Land Boundary Agreement; amended First Schedule

99th Amendment (2015)

Formation of National Judicial Appointments Commission (later struck down by Supreme Court); inserted Articles 124A, 124B, 124C; amended Articles 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A, 231

Amended: Article 124 — Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court Article 217 — Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court

98th Amendment (2013)

Empowered Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop Hyderabad-Karnataka Region; inserted Article 371J

97th Amendment (2012)

Promoted co-operative societies; added Article 43B and Part IXB; amended Article 19

Introduced: Article 243ZH — Definitions Article 243ZI — Incorporation of co-operative societies Article 243ZJ — Number and term of members of board and its office bearers Article 243ZK — Election of members of board Article 243ZL — Supersession and suspension of board and interim management Article 243ZM — Audit of accounts of co-operative societies Article 243ZN — Convening of general body meetings Article 243ZO — Right of a member to get information Article 243ZP — Returns Article 243ZQ — Offences and Penalties Article 243ZR — Application to multi-State co-operative societies Article 243ZS — Application to Union territories Article 243ZT — Continuance of existing laws

Amended: Article 366 — Definitions

96th Amendment (2011)

Substituted 'Odia' in place of 'Oriya' in Eighth Schedule; amended Eighth Schedule

Amended: Article 80 — Composition of the Council of States

95th Amendment (2010)

Extended reservation for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years till 2020; amended Article 334

Amended: Article 330 — Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People Article 332 — Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States Article 334 — Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after certain period

2000s

94th Amendment (2006)

Provided for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha; amended Article 164

93rd Amendment (2006)

Enabled 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes in government and private educational institutions; amended Article 15

Amended: Article 15 — Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth Article 179 — Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker Article 191 — Disqualifications for membership

92nd Amendment (2004)

Added Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithili as official languages; amended Eighth Schedule

91st Amendment (2004)

Restricted size of council of ministers to 15% of legislative members; strengthened Anti-Defection laws; amended Articles 75, 164; inserted Article 361B; amended Tenth Schedule

Introduced: Article 361B — Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post

Amended: Article 75 — Other provisions as to Ministers Article 101 — Vacation of seats Article 102 — Disqualifications for membership Article 164 — Other provisions as to Ministers

90th Amendment (2003)

Reservation in Assam Legislative Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area; amended Article 332

89th Amendment (2003)

Bifurcated National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into separate commissions for SCs and STs; amended Article 338; inserted Article 338A

Introduced: Article 338A — National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

Amended: Article 338 — National Commission for Scheduled Castes

88th Amendment (2004)

Extended statutory cover for levy and utilisation of Service Tax; amended Article 270; inserted Article 268A; amended Seventh Schedule

Introduced: Article 268A — Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the Union and the States repealed

87th Amendment (2003)

Extended usage of 2001 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats; amended Articles 81, 82, 170, 330

Amended: Article 170 — Composition of the Legislative Assemblies

86th Amendment (2002)

Provided Right to Education until the age of fourteen; inserted Article 21A; amended Articles 45, 51A

Introduced: Article 21A — Right to education

Amended: Article 45 — Provision for free and compulsory education for children Article 51A — Fundamental duties

85th Amendment (2002)

Protected consequential seniority in case of promotions of SCs and STs employees; amended Article 16

Amended: Article 16 — Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

84th Amendment (2002)

Extended usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats; amended Articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330, 332

Amended: Article 81 — Composition of the House of the People Article 148 — Comptroller and Auditor-General of India Article 150 — Form of accounts of the Union and of the States Article 151 — Audit reports Article 281 — Recommendations of the Finance Commission Article 283 — Custody, etc, of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts

83rd Amendment (2000)

Exempted Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions; amended Article 243M

82nd Amendment (2000)

Permitted relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SCs and STs; amended Article 335

81st Amendment (2000)

Protected SCs and STs reservation in filling backlog of vacancies; amended Article 16

Amended: Article 16 — Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

80th Amendment (2000)

Implemented Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and centre; amended Articles 269, 270; removed Article 272

Amended: Article 268 — Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States Article 269 — Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States Article 270 — Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States Article 273 — Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products Article 275 — Grants from the Union to certain States Article 280 — Finance Commission

79th Amendment (2000)

Extended reservation for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years till 2010; amended Article 334

1990s

78th Amendment (1995)

Placed land reform acts under Ninth Schedule; amended Ninth Schedule

77th Amendment (1995)

Protected reservation for SCs and STs employees in promotions; amended Article 16

Amended: Article 16 — Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

76th Amendment (1994)

Enabled continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including Tamil Nadu Act under Ninth Schedule; amended Ninth Schedule

Amended: Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations

75th Amendment (1994)

Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals; amended Article 323B

74th Amendment (1993)

Statutory provisions for Urban Local Bodies as third level of administration in cities; inserted Part IXA and Twelfth Schedule; amended Article 280

Introduced: Article 243P — Definitions Article 243Q — Constitution of Municipalities Article 243R — Composition of Municipalities Article 243S — Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc Article 243T — Reservation of seats Article 243U — Duration of Municipalities, etc Article 243V — Disqualifications for membership Article 243W — Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc Article 243X — Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities Article 243Y — Finance Commission Article 243Z — Audit of accounts of Municipalities Article 243ZA — Elections to the Municipalities Article 243ZB — Application to Union territories Article 243ZC — Part not to apply to certain areas Article 243ZD — Committee for district planning Article 243ZE — Committee for Metropolitan planning Article 243ZF — Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities Article 243ZG — Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

73rd Amendment (1993)

Statutory provisions for Panchayati Raj as third level of administration in villages; inserted Part IX and Eleventh Schedule

Introduced: Article 243 — Definitions Article 243A — Gram Sabha Article 243B — Constitution of Panchayats Article 243C — Composition of Panchayats Article 243D — Reservation of seats Article 243E — Duration of Panchayats, etc Article 243F — Disqualifications for membership Article 243G — Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats Article 243H — Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats Article 243I — Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position Article 243J — Audit of accounts of Panchayats Article 243K — Elections to the Panchayats Article 243L — Application to Union territories Article 243M — Part not to apply to certain areas Article 243N — Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats Article 243O — Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Amended: Article 280 — Finance Commission

72nd Amendment (1992)

Provided reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly; amended Article 332

71st Amendment (1992)

Added Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as official languages; amended Eighth Schedule

70th Amendment (1992)

Included NCT of Delhi and Pondicherry in Electoral College for Presidential election; amended Articles 54, 239AA

Amended: Article 72 — Power of President to grant pardons, etc, and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases Article 239 A A — Special provisions with respect to Delhi Article 239AB — Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery

69th Amendment (1992)

Provided legislative assembly and council of ministers for National Capital Territory of Delhi; inserted Articles 239AA, 239AB

Introduced: Article 239 A A — Special provisions with respect to Delhi Article 239AB — Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery

68th Amendment (1991)

Permitted President's rule up to five years in Punjab; amended Article 356

67th Amendment (1990)

Permitted President's rule up to four years in Punjab; amended Article 356

66th Amendment (1990)

Placed land reform acts under Ninth Schedule; amended Ninth Schedule

Amended: Article 224A — Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts

65th Amendment (1992)

Formed National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes with statutory powers; amended Article 338

Amended: Article 338 — National Commission for Scheduled Castes

64th Amendment (1990)

Permitted President's rule up to three years and six months in Punjab; amended Article 356

63rd Amendment (1990)

Repealed emergency powers applicable to Punjab; amended Article 356; removed Article 359A

62nd Amendment (1990)

Extended reservation for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years till 2000; amended Article 334

1980s

61st Amendment (1989)

Reduced voting age from 21 to 18; amended Article 326

Amended: Article 325 — No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex Article 326 — Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage Article 327 — Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures

60th Amendment (1988)

Increased profession tax from Rs. 250 to Rs. 2,500; amended Article 276

59th Amendment (1988)

Permitted President's rule up to three years in Punjab; imposed emergency provisions for Punjab; amended Article 356; inserted Article 359A

58th Amendment (1987)

Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of the Constitution and future amendments; inserted Article 394A; amended Part XXII

Introduced: Article 394A — Authoritative text in the Hindi language

57th Amendment (1987)

Provided reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies; amended Article 332

Introduced: Article 371I — Special provision with respect to the State of Goa

56th Amendment (1987)

Transition provision to enable formation of State of Goa; inserted Article 371I

55th Amendment (1987)

Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of Arunachal Pradesh; inserted Article 371H

Introduced: Article 371H — Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh

54th Amendment (1986)

Increased salary of Chief Justice of India and other Judges; provided for future increases without constitutional amendment; amended Articles 125, 221 and Second Schedule

Amended: Article 125 — Salaries, etc, of Judges

53rd Amendment (1986)

Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram; inserted Article 371G

Introduced: Article 371G — Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram

52nd Amendment (1985)

Anti-Defection Law: disqualification of MPs and MLAs for defection from one party to another; amended Articles 101, 102, 190, 191; inserted Tenth Schedule

Amended: Article 101 — Vacation of seats Article 102 — Disqualifications for membership Article 103 — Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

51st Amendment (1986)

Provided reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh in Lok Sabha and state assemblies; amended Articles 330, 332

Amended: Article 244 — Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas Article 330 — Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People Article 332 — Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States

50th Amendment (1984)

Extended curtailment of Fundamental Rights to cover security personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure; amended Article 33

49th Amendment (1984)

Recognised Tripura as a tribal state; enabled creation of Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council; amended Article 244 and Schedules 5, 6

Amended: Article 80 — Composition of the Council of States Article 110 — Definition of “Money Bills” Article 118 — Rules of procedure

48th Amendment (1985)

Permitted President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab; amended Article 356

47th Amendment (1984)

Placed land reform acts under Ninth Schedule; amended Ninth Schedule

Amended: Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations

46th Amendment (1983)

Negated judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability of Sales Tax; amended Articles 269, 286, 366 and Seventh Schedule

Introduced: Article 139A — Transfer of certain cases

45th Amendment (1980)

Extended reservation for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years till 1990; amended Article 334

Amended: Article 280 — Finance Commission Article 330 — Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People Article 334 — Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after certain period

1970s

44th Amendment (1979)

Protected civil liberties; removed right to property from Fundamental Rights; reversed several 42nd Amendment changes; amended numerous articles; amended Part XII and Ninth Schedule

Introduced: Article 134A — Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court Article 300A — Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law Article 361A — Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures

Amended: Article 13 — Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights Article 14 — Equality before law Article 19 — Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc Article 21 — Protection of life and personal liberty Article 22 — Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases Article 31 — Compulsory acquisition of property Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations Article 31C — Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles Article 32 — Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part Article 38 — State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people Article 39 — Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State Article 61 — Procedure for impeachment of the President Article 74 — Council of Ministers to aid and advise President Article 83 — Duration of Houses of Parliament Article 105 — Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof Article 112 — Annual financial statement Article 124 — Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court Article 132 — Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases Article 133 — Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters Article 134 — Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters Article 139 — Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs Article 143 — Power of President to consult Supreme Court Article 145 — Rules of Court, etc Article 163 — Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor Article 165 — Advocate-General for the State Article 172 — Duration of State Legislatures Article 174 — Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution Article 187 — Secretariat of State Legislature Article 194 — Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof Article 202 — Annual financial statement Article 213 — Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature Article 217 — Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court Article 222 — Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another Article 226 — Power of High Courts to issue certain writs Article 227 — Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court Article 250 — Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation Article 265 — Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law Article 352 — Proclamation of Emergency Article 353 — Effect of Proclamation of Emergency Article 354 — Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation Article 356 — Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States Article 357 — Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356 Article 358 — Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies Article 359 — Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies Article 360 — Provisions as to financial emergency Article 368 — Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor

43rd Amendment (1978)

Repealed some anti-freedom amendments enacted through 42nd Amendment; restored judicial review; amended Articles 145, 226, 228, 366; removed Articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A, 228A

Amended: Article 226 — Power of High Courts to issue certain writs

42nd Amendment (1976)

Mini-Constitution: curtailed Fundamental Rights, imposed Fundamental Duties, made India 'Socialist Secular Democratic Republic'; amended 40+ articles; inserted Parts IVA and XIVA

Introduced: Article 31D — Saving of laws in respect of anti-national activities repealed Article 32A — Constitutional validity of State laws not to be considered in proceedings under article 32 repealed Article 39A — Equal justice and free legal aid Article 43A — Participation of workers in management of industries Article 48A — Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life Article 51A — Fundamental duties Article 323A — Administrative tribunals Article 323B — Tribunals for other matters

Amended: Article 13 — Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights Article 31C — Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles Article 39 — Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State Article 74 — Council of Ministers to aid and advise President Article 75 — Other provisions as to Ministers Article 105 — Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof Article 124 — Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court Article 131 — Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Article 136 — Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court Article 139 — Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs Article 141 — Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts Article 143 — Power of President to consult Supreme Court Article 145 — Rules of Court, etc Article 163 — Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor Article 172 — Duration of State Legislatures Article 174 — Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution Article 187 — Secretariat of State Legislature Article 194 — Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof Article 208 — Rules of procedure Article 217 — Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court Article 222 — Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another Article 226 — Power of High Courts to issue certain writs Article 227 — Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court Article 246 — Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States Article 248 — Residuary powers of legislation Article 249 — Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest Article 250 — Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation Article 256 — Obligation of States and the Union Article 257 — Control of the Union over States in certain cases Article 258 — Power of the Union to confer powers, etc, on States in certain cases Article 263 — Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council Article 300 — Suits and proceedings Article 315 — Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States Article 316 — Appointment and term of office of members Article 317 — Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission Article 318 — Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission Article 319 — Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members Article 323A — Administrative tribunals Article 339 — Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes Article 352 — Proclamation of Emergency Article 353 — Effect of Proclamation of Emergency Article 354 — Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation Article 355 — Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance Article 356 — Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States Article 357 — Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356 Article 360 — Provisions as to financial emergency Article 368 — Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor

41st Amendment (1976)

Raised retirement age of Chairmen and Members of Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62; amended Article 316

Amended: Article 148 — Comptroller and Auditor-General of India Article 311 — Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State

40th Amendment (1976)

Enabled Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest mineral wealth with Union; placed land reform acts under Ninth Schedule; amended Article 297 and Ninth Schedule

Amended: Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations Article 109 — Special procedure in respect of Money Bills Article 117 — Special provisions as to financial Bills Article 135 — Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court Article 138 — Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Article 196 — Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills Article 245 — Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States Article 252 — Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by Article 266 — Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States Article 267 — Contingency Fund Article 283 — Custody, etc, of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts Article 304 — Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States Article 311 — Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State Article 324 — Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission

39th Amendment (1975)

Placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of election of Prime Minister and Speaker; amended Articles 71, 329; inserted Article 329A; amended Ninth Schedule

Amended: Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations Article 58 — Qualifications for election as President Article 61 — Procedure for impeachment of the President Article 66 — Election of Vice - President Article 85 — Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution Article 100 — Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum Article 329 — Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

38th Amendment (1975)

Enhanced powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances; amended Articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359, 360

Amended: Article 110 — Definition of “Money Bills” Article 213 — Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature Article 249 — Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest Article 352 — Proclamation of Emergency Article 353 — Effect of Proclamation of Emergency Article 354 — Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation Article 356 — Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States Article 357 — Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356

37th Amendment (1975)

Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly; amended Articles 239A, 240

36th Amendment (1975)

Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union; amended Articles 80, 81; inserted Article 371F; removed Article 2A; amended Schedules 1, 4; removed Tenth Schedule

Introduced: Article 371F — Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim

Amended: Article 81 — Composition of the House of the People

35th Amendment (1975)

Terms and conditions for incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India; amended Articles 80, 81; inserted Article 2A; inserted Tenth Schedule

Amended: Article 79 — Constitution of Parliament Article 80 — Composition of the Council of States Article 84 — Qualification for membership of Parliament

34th Amendment (1974)

Placed land reform acts under Ninth Schedule; amended Ninth Schedule

Amended: Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations

33rd Amendment (1974)

Prescribed procedure for resignation by MPs and state legislators and its verification by Speaker; amended Articles 101, 190

32nd Amendment (1974)

Protected regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of Andhra Pradesh; amended Article 371; inserted Articles 371D, 371E; amended Seventh Schedule

Introduced: Article 371D — Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh Article 371E — Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh

Amended: Article 32 — Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part

31st Amendment (1973)

Increased size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats; adjusted seats for new states in North East India; amended Articles 81, 330, 332

Amended: Article 81 — Composition of the House of the People Article 330 — Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People Article 332 — Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States

30th Amendment (1973)

Changed basis for appeals in Supreme Court in civil suits from value criteria to substantial question of law; amended Article 133

Amended: Article 133 — Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters

29th Amendment (1972)

Placed Kerala land reform acts under Ninth Schedule; amended Ninth Schedule

Amended: Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations

28th Amendment (1972)

Rationalised Civil Service rules to make uniform across pre and post Independence appointees; inserted Article 312A; removed Article 314

Introduced: Article 312A — Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services

Amended: Article 309 — Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State Article 311 — Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State Article 312 — All-India services Article 315 — Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States

27th Amendment (1971)

Reorganisation of Mizoram into a Union Territory with legislature and council of ministers; amended Articles 239A, 240; inserted Articles 239B, 371C

Introduced: Article 371B — Special provision with respect to the State of Assam Article 371C — Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur

26th Amendment (1971)

Abolished privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states; amended Article 366; inserted Article 363A; removed Articles 291, 362

Introduced: Article 363A — Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished

Amended: Article 361 — Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs

25th Amendment (1971)

Restricted property rights and compensation when state takes over private property; amended Article 31; inserted Article 31C

Introduced: Article 31C — Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles

Amended: Article 270 — Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States

24th Amendment (1971)

Enabled Parliament to dilute Fundamental Rights through amendments; made Presidential assent compulsory for amendment bills; amended Articles 13 and 368

Amended: Article 368 — Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor

23rd Amendment (1970)

Extended reservation for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians in Parliament and State Assemblies till 1980; discontinued ST reservation in Nagaland; amended Articles 330, 332, 333, 334

1960s

22nd Amendment (1969)

Provided for formation of autonomous states within Assam; amended Article 275; inserted Articles 244A and 371B

Introduced: Article 244A — Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor

21st Amendment (1967)

Added Sindhi as an official language; amended Eighth Schedule

Amended: Article 173 — Qualification for membership of the State Legislature

20th Amendment (1966)

Validated appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges; inserted Article 233A

Introduced: Article 233A — Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc, delivered by, certain district judges

Amended: Article 112 — Annual financial statement Article 202 — Annual financial statement

19th Amendment (1966)

Abolished Election Tribunals; enabled trial of election petitions by regular High Courts; amended Article 324

18th Amendment (1966)

Included Union Territories in Article 3 to permit reorganisation of Union Territories; amended Article 3

Amended: Article 13 — Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights

17th Amendment (1964)

Secured constitutional validity of acquisition of estates; placed land acquisition laws in Ninth Schedule; amended Article 31A and Ninth Schedule

Amended: Article 13 — Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights Article 31 — Compulsory acquisition of property Article 31A — Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc

16th Amendment (1963)

Made it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear allegiance to the Indian Republic; amended Articles 19, 84, 173 and Third Schedule

Amended: Article 19 — Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc

15th Amendment (1963)

Raised retirement age of High Court judges from 60 to 62; rationalised rules regarding judges; amended Articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311, 316; inserted Article 224A; amended Seventh Schedule

Introduced: Article 224A — Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts

Amended: Article 124 — Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court Article 127 — Appointment of ad hoc Judges Article 130 — Seat of Supreme Court Article 217 — Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court Article 222 — Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another Article 311 — Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State Article 315 — Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States Article 316 — Appointment and term of office of members Article 317 — Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission

14th Amendment (1962)

Incorporated Pondicherry into the Union of India; created legislative assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa; amended Articles 81, 240; inserted Article 239A; amended Schedules 1, 4

Introduced: Article 239A — Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories Article 239B — Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature

Amended: Article 366 — Definitions

13th Amendment (1962)

Special protection under Article 371A for newly created State of Nagaland; amended Article 170; inserted Article 371A

Introduced: Article 371A — Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland

Amended: Article 233 — Appointment of district judges

12th Amendment (1962)

Incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory consequent to acquisition from Portugal; amended Article 240 and First Schedule

11th Amendment (1961)

Changed Vice-President election process to Electoral College of both Houses instead of joint sitting; amended Articles 66 and 71

Amended: Article 55 — Manner of election of President Article 124 — Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court

10th Amendment (1961)

Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union Territory consequent to acquisition from Portugal; amended Article 240 and First Schedule

9th Amendment (1960)

Adjusted territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for border settlement; amended First Schedule

8th Amendment (1960)

Extended reservation of seats for SCs, STs and Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and state assemblies till 1970; amended Article 334

1950s

7th Amendment (1956)

Reorganisation of states on linguistic lines; abolished Class A, B, C, D states; introduced Union Territories; amended numerous articles and Schedules 1, 2, 4, 7

Introduced: Article 238 — Application of provisions of Part VI to States in Part B of the First Schedule repealed Article 258A — Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union Article 290A — Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds Article 350A — Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage Article 350B — Special Officer for linguistic minorities Article 372A — Power of the President to adapt laws Article 378A — Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly

Amended: Article 80 — Composition of the Council of States Article 81 — Composition of the House of the People Article 120 — Language to be used in Parliament Article 124 — Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court Article 126 — Appointment of acting Chief Justice Article 127 — Appointment of ad hoc Judges Article 128 — Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court Article 130 — Seat of Supreme Court Article 153 — Governors of States Article 155 — Appointment of Governor Article 158 — Conditions of Governor's office Article 168 — Constitution of Legislatures in States Article 171 — Composition of the Legislative Councils Article 177 — Rights of Ministers and Advocate General as respects the Houses Article 217 — Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court Article 220 — Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge Article 222 — Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another Article 224 — Appointment of additional and acting Judges Article 230 — Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories Article 231 — Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States Article 258 — Power of the Union to confer powers, etc, on States in certain cases Article 285 — Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation Article 289 — Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation Article 294 — Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases Article 295 — Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases Article 330 — Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People Article 331 — Representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the House of the People Article 332 — Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States Article 333 — Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States Article 343 — Official language of the Union Article 344 — Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language Article 348 — Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc Article 351 — Directive for development of the Hindi language Article 372 — Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation

6th Amendment (1956)

Amended Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes; amended Articles 269, 286 and Seventh Schedule

Amended: Article 286 — Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods

5th Amendment (1955)

Empowered President to prescribe time limit for state legislatures to convey views on proposed central laws; amended Article 3

4th Amendment (1955)

Restricted property rights and state's power of acquisition; placed land laws in Ninth Schedule; amended Articles 31, 31A, 305 and Ninth Schedule

Amended: Article 31 — Compulsory acquisition of property Article 31A — Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations

3rd Amendment (1955)

Re-enacted entry 33 of Concurrent List in Seventh Schedule re: essential commodities; amended Seventh Schedule

2nd Amendment (1953)

Removed upper population limit for parliamentary constituencies; amended Article 81(1)(b)

1st Amendment (1951)

Added Articles 31A, 31B and Ninth Schedule to protect land reform laws; imposed reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech; amended Articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372, 376

Introduced: Article 31A — Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations

Amended: Article 13 — Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights Article 14 — Equality before law Article 15 — Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth Article 19 — Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc Article 31 — Compulsory acquisition of property Article 31A — Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc Article 31B — Validation of certain Acts and Regulations